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Foundations in Biology

Module 2 establishes the cellular and molecular baseline for the rest of the course. Most later topics depend on these structures, processes and vocabulary.

Core Role

  • Build secure knowledge of cell structure, ultrastructure and microscopy.
  • Link molecular structure to biological function.
  • Introduce DNA, RNA, ATP, enzymes and membrane transport.
  • Connect cell division and differentiation to tissue organisation and stem cells.

Learning Objective Map

Each Module 2 topic page now opens with a specification-aligned Learning Objectives section. Use these links to jump straight to the objective map for each topic, then into the teaching sections linked from that map.

Topic Objective map focus
2.1.1 Cell structure microscopy and resolution; measuring and drawing cells; organelles; prokaryote vs eukaryote comparisons
2.1.2 Biological molecules molecular building blocks; water and ions; carbohydrates; lipids; proteins
2.1.3 Nucleotides and nucleic acids DNA and RNA structure; replication; transcription and translation; ATP
2.1.4 Enzymes enzyme action; rate factors; cofactors and inhibitors; data interpretation
2.1.5 Biological membranes membrane structure; membrane fluidity; transport mechanisms; osmosis and water potential
2.1.6 Cell division, cell diversity and cellular organisation chromosomes and the cell cycle; mitosis; meiosis and variation; specialisation and stem cells

Topic Pages